Consider the following code:

funs = [lambda: i for i in range(3)]
print([f() for f in funs])

The result it [2,2,2].

funs = [lambda i=i:i for i in range(3)]
print([f() for f in funs])

or

funs = (lambda: i for i in range(3))
print([f() for f in funs])

The result is [1,2,3].

def f(n, lst=[]):
    lst.append(n)
    return lst
print(f(1), f(2))

The result is [1,2], [1,2].

JSON is the abbreviation for javascript object notation. It defines six data types, namely:

• number
• null
• boolen
• string
• object
• array

Serialize and deserialize json are quite common in programming. For example, we may want to handle the HTTP response from the RESTful APIs, or send a HTTP request.

In Python, the built-in serialize functions are json.dump(), json.dumps(), and deserialize functions are json.load() and json.loads(). Usually, we represent the json object as a dict in Python.